RetroSeasons recaps past sports seasons through stories, photos, videos, and stats from every team, league, and stadium in history. Coverage includes the NBA, NFL, MLB and NHL, as well as vintage media from defunct teams and leagues.
The 1919 Major League Baseball season, is best remembered for the Black Sox Scandal, in which the Chicago White Sox threw (purposely lost) the World Series to the Cincinnati Reds, 5–3, in order to illegally gain money from gambling. This scandal resulted in commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banning eight players from baseball for life. The season began on April 19, 1919, when the Brooklyn Robins defeated the Boston Braves 5–2 at Braves Field in the first game of a doubleheader. The regular season ended on September 29 with the New York Yankees defeating the Philadelphia Athletics 4–2 at Shibe Park, with the infamous 1919 World Series opening two days later in Cincinnati.
Each team played a 140-game schedule, facing the seven other teams in the same league 20 times apiece. A 140-game schedule had last been used in 1903; the 154-game schedule was re-instituted in 1920.
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story...
/ Collyer's Eye was a weekly sports journal published in Chicago from 1915 to 1928. It broke the story of the Black Sox Scandal a week after the final game. In 1929, it merged with The Baseball World to become "Collyer's Eye and The Baseball World". From 1923 to 1941, it published All-Pro teams. An exact duplicate of the newpaper was also in circulation that was named "The Referee and the Baseball World".
1 Comment
I sincerely appreciate the research work, and the information being shared. It is important and interesting history.
I sincerely appreciate the research work, and the information being shared. It is important and interesting history.